Columbia, South Carolina

Columbia
—  City  —
Skyline of Downtown Columbia
Nickname(s): "The Capital of Southern Hospitality" (official),"Cola"
Location in Richland County in the state of South Carolina
Coordinates:
Country  United States
State  South Carolina
Counties Richland County and Lexington County
Government
 - Mayor Steve Benjamin, (D)
Area
 - City 133.8 sq mi (346.5 km2)
 - Land 131.3 sq mi (340.1 km2)
 - Water 2.5 sq mi (6.4 km2)
Elevation 292 ft (89 m)
Population (2009)
 - City 129,333 (189th)
 - Density 928.5/sq mi (358.5/km2)
 - Urban 451,792
 - Metro 744,730 (65th)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code 29201, 29203, 29204, 29205, 29206, 29209, 29210, 29212, 29223, 29229
Area code(s) 803
FIPS code 45-16000[1]
GNIS feature ID 1245051[2]
Website www.columbiasc.net

Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The population was 116,278 according to the 2000 census, while 2009 Census population estimates put the city's population at 129,333. Columbia is the county seat of Richland County, but a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County. The city is the center of a metropolitan statistical area of 744,730, the largest within the state and the 65th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.[3] The city's name comes from a poetic synonym for America, derived from the name of Christopher Columbus.

Located just 13 miles (21 km) northwest of South Carolina's geographic center, Columbia is the primary city of the Midlands region of South Carolina, which comprises several counties in the central portion of the state. Columbia lies at the confluence of two rivers, the Saluda and the Broad. CNNMoney.com named Columbia as one of America's 25 best places to retire and US News & World Report ranked the city 6th on its 2009 "America's Best Affordable Places to Retire" list.

Contents

History

Early history

From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the site of Columbia was important to the overall development of the state. The Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the colonial government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank.

Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the fall line from the Appalachian Mountains. The fall line is the spot where rivers usually become unnavigable when sailing upstream, and is also the spot farthest downstream where falling water can usefully power a mill.

State Senator John Lewis Gervais of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22, 1786 to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city. According to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that "in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA," for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won out by a vote of 11-7 in the state senate.

The Seibels House, c. 1796, is the oldest in Columbia

The site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790. After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a large stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston, by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper Rivers in a 22-mile (35 km) section. It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850.

The commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a two-mile (3 km) square along the river. The blocks were divided into half-acre lots and sold to speculators and prospective residents. Buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet (9.1 m) long and 18 feet (5.5 m) wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two through streets were 150 feet (46 m) wide. The remaining squares were divided by thoroughfares 100 feet (30 m) wide. The width was determined by the belief that dangerous and pesky mosquitoes could not fly more than 60 feet (18 m) without dying of starvation along the way. Columbians still enjoy most of the magnificent network of wide streets.

The commissioners comprised the local government until 1797 when a Commission of Streets and Markets was created by the General Assembly. Three main issues occupied most of their time: public drunkenness, gambling, and poor sanitation.

As one of the first planned cities in the United States, Columbia began to grow rapidly. Its population was nearing 1,000 shortly after the turn of the century.

Nineteenth century

Ruins, as seen from the State House, 1865

In 1801, South Carolina College (now known as the University of South Carolina) was founded in Columbia. The city was chosen as the site of the institution in part to unite the state's citizens in the Upcountry and the Lowcountry. Also, the leaders of South Carolina wished to personally monitor the progress and development of the school. For many years after its founding, commencement exercises were held in December while the state legislature was in session.

Columbia received its first charter as a town in 1805. An intendant and six wardens would govern the town. John Taylor was the first elected intendant. He later served in both houses of the General Assembly, both houses of Congress and eventually as governor of the state. By 1816, there were 250 homes in the town and a population over 1,000.

Columbia became chartered as a city in 1854, with an elected mayor and six aldermen. Two years later, they had a police force consisting of a full-time chief and nine patrolmen. The city continued to grow at a rapid pace, as throughout the 1850s and 1860s Columbia was the largest inland city in the Carolinas. Railroad transportation served as a significant cause of population expansion in Columbia during this time. Rail lines that reached the city in the 1840s primarily transported cotton bales, not passengers. Cotton was the lifeblood of the Columbia community; in 1850 virtually all of the city's commercial and economic activity was related to cotton.

Columbia's First Baptist Church hosted the South Carolina Secession Convention on December 17, 1860. The delegates drafted a resolution in favor of secession, 159-0. Columbia's location made it an ideal location for other conventions and meetings within the Confederacy. During the Civil War, bankers, railroad executives, teachers, and theologians often met in the city to discuss certain matters.

The burning of Columbia during Sherman's occupation, from Harper's Weekly.

On February 17, 1865, during the Civil War, much of Columbia was destroyed by fire while being occupied by Union troops under the command of General William Tecumseh Sherman. According to legend, Columbia's First Baptist Church barely missed being torched by Sherman's troops. The soldiers marched up to the church and asked the groundskeeper if he could direct them to the church where the declaration of secession was signed. The loyal groundskeeper directed the men to the nearby Washington Street United Methodist church; thus, the historic landmark was saved from destruction by Union soldiers.

Controversy surrounding the burning of the city started soon after the war ended. General Sherman blamed the high winds and retreating Confederate soldiers for firing bales of cotton, which had been stacked in the streets. General Sherman denied ordering the burning, though he did order militarily significant structures, such as the Confederate Printing Plant, destroyed. Firsthand accounts by local residents, Union soldiers, and a newspaper reporter offer a tale of revenge by Union troops for Columbia's and South Carolina's pivotal role in leading Southern states to secede from the Union. Still other accounts portray it as mostly the fault of the Confederacy. Today, tourists can follow the path General Sherman's army took to enter the city and see structures or remnants of structures that survived the fire.

During Reconstruction, Columbia became the focus of considerable attention. Reporters, journalists, travelers, and tourists flocked to South Carolina's capital city to witness a Southern state legislature whose members included ex-slaves. The city also made somewhat of a rebound following the devastating fire of 1865; a mild construction boom took place within the first few years of Reconstruction, and repair of railroad tracks in outlying areas created jobs for area citizens.

Twentieth century

The first few years of the 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center. In 1907, Columbia had six mills in operation: Richland, Granby, Olympia, Capital City, Columbia, and Palmetto. Combined, they employed over 3,400 workers with an annual payroll of $819,000, giving the Midlands an economic boost of over $4.8 million.

Columbia had no paved streets until 1908, when 17 blocks of Main Street were surfaced. There were, however, 115 publicly maintained street crossings at intersections to keep pedestrians from having to wade through a sea of mud between wooden sidewalks. As an experiment, Washington Street was once paved with wooden blocks. This proved to be the source of much local amusement when they buckled and floated away during heavy rains. The blocks were replaced with asphalt paving in 1925.

The years 1911-1912 were something of a construction boom for Columbia, with $2.5 million worth of construction occurring in the city. These projects included the Union Bank Building at Main and Gervais, the Palmetto National Bank, a shopping arcade, and large hotels at Main and Laurel (the Jefferson) and at Main and Wheat (the Gresham).

In 1917, the city was selected as the site of Camp Jackson, a U.S. military installation which was officially classified as a "Field Artillery Replacement Depot." The first recruits arrived at the camp on September 1, 1917.

In 1930, Columbia was the hub of a trading area with approximately 500,000 potential customers. It had 803 retail establishments, 280 of them being food stores. There were also 58 clothing and apparel outlets, 57 restaurants and lunch rooms, 55 filling stations, 38 pharmacies, 20 furniture stores, 19 auto dealers, 11 shoe stores, nine cigar stands, five department stores, and one book store. Wholesale distributors located within the city numbered 119, with one-third of them dealing in food.

In 1934, the federal courthouse at the corner of Main and Laurel streets was purchased by the city for use as City Hall. Built of granite from nearby Winnsboro, Columbia City Hall is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Designed by Alfred Built Millet, President Ulysses S. Grant's Federal architect, the building was completed in 1876. Millet, best known for his design of the Executive Office Building in Washington, D.C., had originally designed the building with a clock tower. Large cost overruns probably caused it to be left out. Copies of Mullet's original drawings can be seen on the walls of City Hall alongside historic photos of Columbia's beginnings.

Reactivated Camp Jackson became Fort Jackson in 1940, giving the military installation the permanence desired by city leaders at the time. The fort was annexed into the city in the fall of 1968, with approval from the Pentagon.

In the early 1940s, shortly after the attacks on Pearl Harbor which began America's involvement in World War II, Lt. Colonel Jimmy Doolittle and his group of now-famous pilots began training for the Doolittle Raid over Tokyo at what is now Columbia Metropolitan Airport.[23] They trained in B-25 Mitchell bombers, the same model as the plane that now rests at Columbia's Owens Field in the Curtiss-Wright hangar.[4]

The 1940s saw the beginning of efforts to reverse Jim Crow laws and racial discrimination in Columbia. In 1945, a federal judge ruled that the city's black teachers were entitled to equal pay to that of their white counterparts. However, in years following, the state attempted to strip many blacks of their teaching credentials. Other issues in which the blacks of the city sought equality concerned voting rights and segregation (particularly regarding public schools). On August 21, 1962, eight downtown chain stores served blacks at their lunch counters for the first time. The University of South Carolina admitted its first black students in 1963; around the same time, many vestiges of segregation began to disappear from the city, blacks attained membership on various municipal boards and commissions, and a non-discriminatory hiring policy was adopted by the city. These and other such signs of racial progression helped earn the city the 1964 All-America City Award for the second time (the first being in 1951) and a 1965 article in Newsweek magazine lauded Columbia as a city that had "liberated itself from the plague of doctrinal apartheid."

The area's population continued to grow during the 1950s, having experienced a 40% increase from 186,844 to 260,828, with 97,433 people residing within the city limits of Columbia.

Robert Mills House

Historic preservation has played a significant part into shaping Columbia into the city that it is today. The historic Robert Mills House was restored in 1967, which inspired the renovation and restoration of other historic structures such as the Hampton-Preston House and homes associated with President Woodrow Wilson, Maxcy Gregg, Mary Boykin Chestnut, and noted free black Celia Mann. In the early 1970s, the University of South Carolina initiated the refurbishment of its "Horseshoe." Several area museums also benefited from the increased historical interest of that time, among them the Fort Jackson Museum, the McKissick Museum on the campus of the University of South Carolina, and most notably the South Carolina State Museum, which opened in 1988.

Mayor Kirkman Finlay, Jr. was the driving force behind the refurbishment of Seaboard Park, now known as Finlay Park, in the historic Congaree Vista district, as well as the compilation of the $60 million Palmetto Center package, which gave Columbia an office tower, parking garage, and the Columbia Marriott which opened in 1983.

The year 1980 saw the Columbia metropolitan population reach 410,088 and in 1990 this figure had hit approximately 470,000.

Recent history

A view up the Main Street corridor from the SC Statehouse steps

The 1990s and early 2000s saw revitalization in the downtown area. The Congaree Vista district along Gervais Street, once known as a warehouse district, became a thriving district of art galleries, shops, and restaurants. The Colonial Life Arena (formerly known as the Carolina Center) opened in 2002, and brought several big-named concerts and shows to Columbia. The Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center opened in 2004, and a new convention center hotel opened in September 2007.

Geography and climate

Columbia is located at . One of Columbia's most interesting geographical features is its fall line, which is a boundary between an upland region and a coastal plain across which rivers from the upland region drop to the plain as falls or rapids. Columbia grew up at the fall line of the Congaree River, which is formed by the convergence of the Broad River and the Saluda River. The Congaree was the farthest inland point of river navigation. The energy of falling water also powered Columbia's early mills. The city has capitalized on this location which includes three rivers by christening itself "The Columbia Riverbanks Region." Columbia is located roughly halfway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Blue Ridge Mountains and sits at an elevation of around 292 ft. (89 m).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.7 square miles (331 km2), of which, 125.2 square miles (324 km2) of it is land and 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) of it is water (1.96%). Approximately 2/3 of Columbia's land area (81.2 square miles) is contained within the Fort Jackson Military Installation, much of which consists of uninhabited training grounds. The actual inhabited area for the city is slightly more than 50 square miles.

Columbia has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild winters, warm springs and autumns, and very hot and humid summers. The area averages 56 nights below freezing, but extended cold is rare. The city's current promotional slogan describes Columbia as "Famously Hot." But the phrase is also considered a sly reference to fires that swept the city after it was captured in 1865 by Union Army forces under the command of General William T. Sherman.

[5] Precipitation, at 48.3 inches (1,230 mm) annually, peaks in the summer months, and is the least during spring and fall.[5] Snowfall averages 2.1 inches (5.3 cm), but most years receive no snowfall, as the median seasonal amount is 0.[5] The city, like other cities of the southeast, is prone to Inversions, which trap ozone and other pollutants over the area.

Climate data for Columbia, South Carolina (Columbia Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 55.1
(12.83)		 59.5
(15.28)		 67.4
(19.67)		 75.6
(24.22)		 83.1
(28.39)		 89.1
(31.72)		 92.1
(33.39)		 90.0
(32.22)		 84.8
(29.33)		 75.8
(24.33)		 66.7
(19.28)		 57.8
(14.33)		 74.8
(23.78)
Average low °F (°C) 34.0
(1.11)		 36.3
(2.39)		 43.5
(6.39)		 50.7
(10.39)		 60.0
(15.56)		 67.9
(19.94)		 71.8
(22.11)		 70.6
(21.44)		 64.6
(18.11)		 51.5
(10.83)		 42.6
(5.89)		 36.1
(2.28)		 52.5
(11.39)
Precipitation inches (mm) 4.66
(118.4)		 3.84
(97.5)		 4.59
(116.6)		 2.98
(75.7)		 3.17
(80.5)		 4.99
(126.7)		 5.54
(140.7)		 5.41
(137.4)		 3.94
(100.1)		 2.89
(73.4)		 2.88
(73.2)		 3.38
(85.9)		 48.27
(1,226.1)
Snowfall inches (cm) 0.6
(1.5)		 1.1
(2.8)		 0.3
(0.8)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.1
(0.3)		 2.1
(5.3)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11 9.1 10 7.7 8.6 10.3 11.5 10.3 8.1 6.4 7.5 9.6 110.1
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.4 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.1
Sunshine hours 173.6 183.6 238.7 270.0 291.4 279.0 285.2 263.5 240.0 235.6 195.0 173.6 2,829.2
Source: NOAA [5], HKO [6]

Metropolitan area

The metropolitan statistical area of Columbia has a population estimate of 744,730, according to the 2009 estimates performed by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Columbia is also combined with the Newberry micropolitan area to form Columbia–Newberry Combined Statistical Area which has 783,493 people according to 2009 Census estimates and is the second-largest and fastest-growing CSA in South Carolina.

Columbia's metropolitan counties include:

Columbia's suburbs and environs include:

  • St. Andrews, Richland County: Pop. 21,814 (unincorporated)
  • Seven Oaks, Lexington County: Pop. 15,755 (unincorporated)
  • Lexington: Pop. 14,329
  • Dentsville, Richland County: Pop. 13,009 (unincorporated)
  • West Columbia: Pop. 13,064
  • Cayce, Lexington County: Pop. 12,150
  • Irmo: Pop. 11,039
  • Forest Acres: Pop. 10,908
  • Woodfield, Richland County: Pop. 9,238 (unincorporated)
  • Red Bank, Lexington County: Pop. 8,811 (unincorporated)
  • Oak Grove, Lexington County: Pop. 8,183 (unincorporated)
  • Camden: Pop. 6,682
  • Lugoff, Kershaw County: Pop. 6,278 (unincorporated)

Infrastructure

Law and government

The city of Columbia has a council-manager form of government. The mayor and city council are elected every four years, with no term limits, elections are held in the Spring of even numbered years. Unlike other mayors in council-manager systems, Columbia mayor has the power to veto ordinances passed by the council; vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds majority of the council.The council appoints a city manager to serve as chief administrative officer. Steve Gantt is the current city manager.

The current mayor is Steve Benjamin (D). Columbia holds elections for mayor every four years, and there are no term limits.

The city council consists of six members (four from districts and two at-large). The city council is responsible for making policies and enacting laws, rules and regulations in order to provide for future community and economic growth, in addition to providing the necessary support for the orderly and efficient operation of city services.
At-Large

Districts

See related article Past mayors of Columbia, South Carolina

The city's police force is the Columbia Police Department. The chief of police answers to the city manager. Presently, the chief of police office is vacant; however, city council is currently reviewing a proposal to have Richland County Sheriff Leon Lott oversee the CPD under a contractual arrangement.[7]

The South Carolina Department of Corrections, headquartered in Columbia,[8] operates several correctional facilities in Columbia. They include the Broad River Correctional Institution,[9] the Goodman Correctional Institution,[10] the Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution,[11] the Stevenson Correctional Institution,[12] and the Campbell Pre-Release Center.[13] Graham houses the state's female death row.[14] The State of South Carolina execution chamber is located at Broad River. From 1990 to 1997 Broad River housed the state's male death row.[15]

Military Installations

Fort Jackson is the U.S. Army's largest training post.

Under command of the South Carolina Air National Guard.

Education

Colleges and universities

Columbia is home to the main campus of the University of South Carolina, which was chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina. The university has 350 degree programs and enrolls more than 27,500 students throughout 15 degree-granting colleges and schools. It is an urban university, located in downtown Columbia.

The Horseshoe at USC

The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has designated the university a research institution of "very high research activity".[16] The school also has a world-renowned international business program, ranking No. 1 in the nation for its undergraduate international business program and No. 2 for its graduate international business program in the 2006 U.S. News & World Report college and graduate school guides. University of South Carolina's University 101 program is also frequently cited by U.S. News & World Report as one of the top programs of its kind in the nation. The university is also home to the nation’s first National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Fuel Cells.

As part of a new initiative geared towards making University of South Carolina a world-class research and technology school, the university is building Innovista, a unique "innovation district" located between the campus' core and the banks of the Congaree River. Innovista's goal is to be a standard-setting environment that draws its vibrancy from integrating public and private sector research and researchers with retail, restaurant, residential, and recreational facilities contained within a contemporary urban landscape.

Columbia is also home to:

Columbia is also the site of several extension campuses, including those for Erskine Theological Seminary, South University and University of Phoenix.

Private schools

Public schools

Health Systems

The Sisters of Charity Providence Hospitals is sponsored by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Augustine (CSA) Health System. The non-profit organization is licensed for 304 beds and comprises four entities: Providence Hospital, Providence Heart Institute, Providence Hospital Northeast and Providence Orthopaedic & NeuroSpine Institute. Providence Hospital, located in downtown Columbia, was founded by the Sisters of Charity of Saint Augustine in 1938. The facility offers cardiac care through Providence Heart Institute, which is considered a quality cardiac center in South Carolina. Providence Hospital Northeast is a 46-bed community hospital established in 1999 that offers a range of medical services in surgery, emergency care, women's and children's services and rehabilitation. Providence Northeast is home to Providence Orthopaedic & NeuroSpine Institute, which provides medical and surgical treatment of diseases and injuries of the bones, joints, and spine.

Palmetto Health Baptist Hospital

Palmetto Health is a South Carolina nonprofit public benefit corporation consisting of Palmetto Health Richland and Palmetto Health Baptist hospitals in Columbia. Palmetto Health provides health care for nearly 70% of the residents of Richland County and almost 55% of the health care for both Richland and Lexington counties. Palmetto Health Baptist recently underwent a $40 million multi-phase modernization which included 37,000 square feet (3,400 m2) of new construction and 81,000 square feet (7,500 m2) of renovations. The extensive health system also operates Palmetto Health Children's Hospital and Palmetto Health Heart Hospital, the state's first freestanding hospital dedicated solely to heart care, which opened in January 2006. The Palmetto Health South Carolina Cancer Center offers patient services at the Palmetto Health Baptist and Palmetto Health Richland campuses; both are recognized by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer as a Network Cancer Program.

The Wm. Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center is a 216-bed facility, encompassing acute medical, surgical, psychiatric, and long-term care. The hospital provides primary, secondary, and some tertiary care. An affiliation is held with the University of South Carolina School of Medicine, located on the hospital grounds. A sharing agreement is in place with Moncrief Army Community Hospital at Fort Jackson and the 20th Medical Group at Shaw AFB in Sumter.

Transportation

Mass transit

The Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA), is the agency responsible for operating mass transit in greater Columbia area including Cayce, West Columbia, Forest Acres, Arcadia Lakes, Springdale, and the St. Andrews area. CMRTA operates express shuttles, and bus service serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs. The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Columbia. Since 2003, CMRTA provides transportation for more than 2 million passengers, has expanded route services and introduced 43 new ADA accessible buses offering a safer, more comfortable means of transportation. CMRTA has also added 10 natural gas powered buses fleet.

The Central Midlands Council of Governments is in the process of investigating the potential for rail transit in the region. Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden, Newberry and Batesburg-Leesville are in consideration, as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two mainlines of the future Southeastern High Speed Rail Corridor.[21]

Roads and Highways

Columbia's central location between the population centers of South Carolina has made it a transportation focal point with three interstate highways and one interstate spur.

Interstates

US Routes

South Carolina State Highways

Air

The city and its surroundings are served by Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:CAE; ICAO:KCAE). The airport itself is serviced by American Eagle, Continental Express, Delta, United Express, and US Airways Express airlines.

In addition, the city is also served by the much smaller Owens Field located in the Rosewood neighborhood. It serves as the county airport for Richland County and offers general aviation.

Intercity rail

The city is served daily by Amtrak station, with the Silver Star trains connecting Columbia with New York City, Washington, DC, Savannah, Jacksonville, Orlando, Tampa, and Miami. The Amtrak station is located at 850 Pulaski St.

Intercity bus

Greyhound Lines operates a station on Gervais Street, in the eastern part of downtown, providing Columbia with intercity bus transportation.

Downtown revitalization

Lady Street in the historic Congaree Vista district downtown

The city of Columbia has recently accomplished a number of redevelopment projects and has several more planned[22]. The historic Congaree Vista, a 1,200-acre (5 km2) district running from the central business district toward the Congaree river, features a number of historic buildings that have been rehabilitated. Of note is the adaptive reuse of the Confederate Printing Plant on Gervais and Huger, used to print Confederate bills during the American Civil War. The city cooperated with Publix grocery stores to preserve the look. This won Columbia an award from the International Downtown Association[23]. The Vista district is also where a new convention center Hilton and a Ruth's Chris Steakhouse recently debuted. Other notable developments under construction and recently completed include high-end condos and townhomes, hotels, mixed-use structures, and the establishment of a retail corridor along Lady Street.

A downtown lightpost banner heralds Columbia's "New Main Street" as part of an effort to reinfuse life and vitality into Main Street.

The older buildings lining the Vista's main drag, Gervais, now house art galleries, restaurants, unique shops, and professional office space. Near the end of Gervais is the South Carolina State Museum and the EdVenture Children's Museum. Private student housing and some residential projects are going up nearby; the CanalSide development[24] at the site of the old Central Correctional Institution, is the most high profile. At full build-out, the development will have 750 residential units and provides access to Columbia's waterfront. Lady Street between Huger and Assembly streets in the Vista and the Five Points neighborhood have undergone beautification projects, which mainly consisted of replacing curbs and gutters, adding brick-paved sidewalks, and angled parking.

Special revitalization efforts are being aimed at Main Street, which began seeing an exodus of department and specialty stores in the 1990s. The goal is to re-establish Main Street as a vibrant commercial and residential corridor, and the stretch of Main Street home to most businesses—from Gervais to Blanding streets—-have been streetscaped in recent years. Notable developments recently completed along Main Street include an 18-story, $60 million tower at the high-profile corner of Main and Gervais streets and the renovation of the 1441 Main Street office building as the new Midlands headquarters for Wells Fargo Bank (formerly Wachovia Bank). Current developments include a new sanctuary for the Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, the relocation of the Nickelodeon theater, and the location of Mast General store in the historic Efird's building.

The Meridian building, a 17-story, $62 million office tower was completed in 2004 and First Citizens Bank completed a $40 million, 170,000-square-foot (16,000 m2), 9-story headquarters tower at the corner of Main and Lady streets in 2006. The historic Palmetto Building, at the corner of Main and Washington streets, underwent renovations and re-opened its doors in July 2008 as a boutique Sheraton Hotel and directly across from it, the historic Republic National Bank Building on Washington Street was turned into meeting and banquet space for the Sheraton. On September 25, 2007, a new fountain and sculpture, located in Boyd Plaza in front of the Columbia Museum of Art[25] at the corner of Main and Hampton streets downtown, was dedicated. The 25-foot (7.6 m) tall piece, entitled "Apollo's Cascade," was designed by famed sculptor Rodney Carroll and was commissioned using a leadership gift from the Colliers Keenan Real Estate Firm.

Economy

Columbia enjoys a diversified economy, with the major employers in the area being South Carolina state government, the Palmetto Health hospital system, Blue Cross Blue Shield of SC, Palmetto GBA, and the University of South Carolina. The state's only Fortune 500 company, SCANA, is located in suburban Cayce. Other major employers in the Columbia area include Fort Jackson, the U.S. Army's largest and most active initial entry training installation[26], Richland School District One, Humana/TriCare, and the United Parcel Service, which operates its Southeastern Regional Hub at the Columbia Metropolitan Airport. Major manufacturers such as Square D, CMC Steel, Spirax Sarco, Michelin, International Paper, Pirelli Cables, Honeywell, Westinghouse Electric, Harsco Track Tech, Trane, Intertape Polymer Group, Union Switch & Signal, Solectron, and Bose Corporation Technology have facilities in the Columbia area. There are over 70 foreign affiliated companies and fourteen Fortune 500 companies in the region. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area as of 2008 was $30.08 billion, the highest among MSAs in the state.[27]

First Citizens Bank headquarters at the corner of Main and Lady streets

Several companies have their global, continental, or national headquarters in Columbia, including Colonial Supplemental Insurance, the second-largest supplemental insurance company in the nation; Holopack International, a German-owned company that provides a wide range of services to the pharmaceutical industry; AgFirst Farm Credit Bank, the largest bank headquartered in the state with over $30 billion in assets (the non-commercial bank is part of the Farm Credit System, the largest agricultural lending organization in the United States which was established by Congress in 1916); First Citizens bank, the second-largest state-based commercial bank; Spectrum Medical, an international medical software company; Wilbur Smith Associates, a full-service transportation and infrastructure consulting firm; and Nelson Mullins, a major national law firm.

Many reputable publications and institutes recognize the strength and potential of the city's economy. In Forbes 2009 "Best Places for Business and Careers" list, Columbia ranked 34th overall among the 200 large metropolitan areas ranked.[28] A 2010 study of the best places for small businesses by Portfolio.com/Bizjournals ranked Columbia 12th of the nation's 100 largest metro areas.[29] Columbia ranked 14th in BusinessWeek magazine's 2009 list of the 40 strongest metro economies in the nation. Forbes also named Columbia as one of the nation's top 100 cities for jobs in its 2008 listing [30]. Bizjournals ranked Columbia 25th of 105 medium-sized labor markets for young adult job seekers[31] and 15th of 77 metropolitan areas in its "Jewels of the Sunbelt" ranking, which ranks cities according to "blend of comfortable lifestyle and warm weather".[32] Inc.com's 2008 Boomtown rankings, which is based on job-growth data as supplied by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, listed Columbia 19th among midsized metropolitan areas nationwide.[33] POLICOM, a company that specializes in studying the dynamics of local economies, placed the Columbia metropolitan region in the top 25th percentile among the 366 U.S. Census Bureau-designated metropolitan statistical areas nationwide (and first among metropolitan areas in the state) in its 2009 economic strength rankings.

People and culture

Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1880 10,036
—
1890 15,353 53.0%
1900 21,108 37.5%
1910 26,319 24.7%
1920 37,524 42.6%
1930 51,581 37.5%
1940 62,396 21.0%
1950 86,914 39.3%
1960 97,433 12.1%
1970 112,542 15.5%
1980 101,208 −10.1%
1990 98,052 −3.1%
2000 116,278 18.6%
Est. Jul. 2008 129,033 11.0%

As of the census of 2000,[1] there were 113,278 people, 42,245 households, and 22,136 families residing in the city. The population density was 928.6 people per square mile (358.5/km²). There were 46,142 housing units at an average density of 368.5/sq mi (142.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 49.22% White, 45.98% African American, 1.73% Asian, 0.25% Native American, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 1.36% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.03% of the population.

There were 42,245 households out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.5% were married couples living together, 17.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.6% were nonfamilies. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city the population was spread out with 20.1% under the age of 18, 22.9% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,141, and the median income for a family was $39,589. Males had a median income of $30,925 versus $24,679 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,853. About 17.0% of families and 22.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 16.9% ages 65 or older.

Religion

Like most of the Southern U.S. which is included in the Bible Belt, Columbia's population is largely dominated by Protestantism, the largest being the Southern Baptists, followed by the Methodists. The rest of the population are distributed among other Protestant denominations as well as the Roman Catholic Church. The Greek Orthodox Church holds a large Greek Festival annually in September. There is a temple for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). There are three synagogues in Columbia, Beth Shalom (Conservative), Tree of Life Congregation (Reform), and the Chabad Learning Shul(Orthodox), which are located within a few hundred yards of each other. There are also five mosques in the city.

Famous natives and residents

Among the famous people and groups connected to Columbia are:

  • Actor Aziz Ansari
  • Actor Mike Colter
  • Actor Michael Flessas in Palme d'Or
  • Actor Lee Thompson Young
  • Actor Paul Benjamin
  • Actor Scott Holroyd
  • Actor Rob Huebel
  • Actress Angell Conwell
  • Actress Kristin Davis
  • Actress Allison Munn
  • Actress Mary-Louise Parker
  • Artist Blue Sky
  • Artist Guy Lipscomb
  • Astronaut Charles F. Bolden, Jr.
  • Athlete (USL) Zach Prince
  • Athlete (MLB) Bruce Chen
  • Athlete (NFL) Richard Seymour
  • Athlete (NFL) Michael Boulware
  • Athlete (NFL) Peter Boulware
  • Athlete (NFL) Duce Staley
  • Athlete (NFL) Samkon Gado
  • Athlete (NFL, Former) Brad Edwards, member of Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI winning team
  • Athlete (NBA) Jermaine O'Neal
  • Athlete (NBA, Former) Alex English
  • Athlete (NBA, Former) Tyrone Corbin
  • Athlete (NBA, Former) Xavier McDaniel
  • Athlete BJ McKie
  • Athlete (WWE/WWF, Former Women's Champion) The Fabulous Moolah
  • Athlete (WWF/WCW, Former Tag Team Champion) The Patriot
  • Author Tom Poland Sapelo:Forbidden Island
  • Catholic Cardinal Joseph Bernadin
  • Civil War veteran Maxcy Gregg
  • Civil War veteran Alexander Cheves Haskell
  • Coach (Swimming, Olympic champion Michael Phelps) Bob Bowman
  • Coach (Football, College) Steve Spurrier
  • Film director and choreographer Stanley Donen
  • Founder Next of Kin Registry (NOKR) Mark Cerney
  • Music Band (Reggae) The Movement
  • Music Band (Alternative rock) Band of Horses
  • Music Band (Post-grunge/hard rock) Crossfade
  • Music Band (Pop-Rock) Hootie & the Blowfish
  • Music Band (Hardcore punk), Stretch Arm Strong
  • Music Band (death metal), Nile
  • Musician and songwriter Samuel Beam of Iron & Wine
  • Musician and songwriter Danielle Howle
  • Musician (Saxophone, Jazz) Chris Potter
  • Musician (Trombone, Funk) Fred Wesley
  • Musician (Trombone, Jazz) Ron Westray
  • Music Band (Hardcore punk), Bored Suburban Youth
  • Novelist William Price Fox
  • Pianist Phillip Bush
  • Poet James Dickey
  • President (U.S) Woodrow Wilson
  • Scientist (Nobel Prize winner/ graduate of Dreher High School) Kary Mullis
  • Singer (R&B) Angie Stone
  • Singer (Rapper) Lil Ru
  • Singer (Rapper) Young Jeezy
  • Singer (lead singer of band Matchbox Twenty) Rob Thomas

Neighborhoods

Elmwood Park neighborhood

Shopping

Major regional shopping centers in the Columbia area include Columbiana Centre and the Village at Sandhill, along with a handful of other smaller shopping centers in the region.

The Five Points neighborhood, home to many locally-owned businesses, is known as Columbia's eclectic village shopping area. The Devine Street corridor offers a variety of specialty shopping, including art and antiques, eclectic home furnishings, and men's, women's, and children's clothing. The historic Congaree Vista district downtown provides shoppers with a collection of shops filled with antiques, oriental rugs, jewelry, original artwork, hand-made furniture, and collectibles.

Media

Columbia's daily newspaper is The State and its alternative newspapers include The Free Times, The Columbia Star, Columbia City Paper, and the SC Black News. Columbia Metropolitan Magazine is a bi-monthly publication about news and events in the metropolitan area. Greater Columbia Business Monthly is Columbia's oldest monthly business magazine, highlighting economic development, business, education and the arts. Q-Notes, a bi-weekly newspaper serving the LGBT community and published in Charlotte, is distributed to locations in Columbia and via home delivery. Columbia is home to the headquarters and production facilities of South Carolina Educational Television and ETV Radio, the state's public television and public radio networks. Columbia is the 3rd largest TV market in South Carolina as ranked by number of households in the viewing area. The local radio stations are:

Radio stations in the Columbia, South Carolina market
By FM frequency
88.1 · 88.5 · 89.7 · 90.5 · 91.3 · 92.1 · 93.1 · 93.5 · 93.9 · 94.3 · 95.3 · 96.7 · 97.5 · 98.3 · 99.3 · 100.1 · 101.3 · 102.3 · 103.1 · 103.9 · 104.7 · 106.7 · 107.5
By AM frequency
560 · 620 · 840 · 890 · 1170 · 1230 · 1320 · 1400 · 1470
By callsign
WARQ · WBAJ · WCEO · WCOS · WCOS-FM · WDEK · WFMV · WGCV · WHXT · WISW · WLJI · WLTR · WLTR · WLTY · WLXC · WMFX · WMHK · WNKT · WNOK · WOIC · WOMG · WQXL · WRJA · WSCZ · WTCB · WUSC · WVOC · WWDM · WWNQ · WWNU · WXBT · WXRY-LP · WYFV · WZMJ

South Carolina radio markets: • Columbia • • Greenville-Spartanburg • • Myrtle Beach •

Cultural and literary arts

Columbia Museum of Art
EdVenture

Parks and outdoor recreational opportunities

Finlay Park

The region's most popular park, Finlay Park has hosted just about everything from festivals and political rallies to road races and Easter Sunrise services.

This 18-acre (73,000 m2) park has had two lives; first dedicated in 1859 as Sidney Park, named in honor of Algernon Sidney Johnson, a Columbia City Councilman, the park experienced an illustrious but short tenure. The park fell into disrepair after the Civil War and served as a site for commercial ventures until the late 1900s. In 1990, the park was reopened. It serves as the site for such events as Kids Day, The Summer Concert Series, plus many more activities. In 1992, the park was renamed Finlay Park, in honor of Kirkman Finlay, a past mayor of Columbia who had a vision to reenergize the historic Congaree Vista district, between Main Street and the river, and recreate the site that was formerly known as Sidney Park.

Memorial Park

Memorial Park is a 4-acre (16,000 m2) tract of land in the Congaree Vista between Main Street and the river. The property is bordered by Hampton, Gadsden, Washington, and Wayne Streets and is one block south of Finlay Park. This park was created to serve as a memorial to those who served their county and presently has monuments honoring the USS Columbia warship and those that served with her during World War II, the China-Burma-India Theater Veterans of WWII, casualties of the Pearl Harbor attack of December 7, 1941 who were from South Carolina, Holocaust survivors who live in South Carolina as well as concentration camp liberators from South Carolina, and the State Vietnam War Veterans. The park was dedicated in November 1986 along with the unveiling of the South Carolina Vietnam Monument. In June 2000, the Korean War Memorial was dedicated at Memorial Park.

Granby Park opened in November 1998 as a gateway to the rivers of Columbia, adding another access to the many river activities available to residents. Granby is part of the Three Rivers Greenway, a system of green spaces along the banks of the rivers in Columbia, adding another piece to the long-range plan and eventually connecting to the existing Riverfront Park. Granby is a 24-acre (97,000 m2) linear park with canoe access points, fishing spots, bridges and 1/2 mile of nature trail along the banks of the Congaree River.

In the Five Points district of downtown Columbia is the park dedicated to the legacy and memory of the most celebrated civil rights leader in America, Martin Luther King Jr. Park. Formerly known as Valley Park, it was historically known to be largely restricted to Whites. Renaming the park after Martin Luther King, Jr. in the late 1980s was seen as a progressive and unifying event on behalf of the city, civic groups, and local citizens. The park features a beautiful water sculpture and a community center. An integral element of the park is the Stone of Hope monument, unveiled in January 1996. Upon the monument is inscribed a portion of King's 1964 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech: "History is cluttered with the wreckage of nations and individuals that pursued that self-defeating path of hate. Love is the key to the solutions of the problems of the world."

One of Columbia's greatest assets is Riverbanks Zoo & Garden. Riverbanks Zoo is a sanctuary for more than 2,000 animals housed in natural habitat exhibits along the Saluda River. Just across the river, the 70-acre (280,000 m2) botanical garden is devoted to gardens, woodlands, plant collections, and historic ruins. Riverbanks has been named one of America's best zoos[37] and the #1 travel attraction in the Southeast[38]. It attracted over one million visitors in 2009.[39]

Situated along the meandering Congaree River in central South Carolina, Congaree National Park is home to champion trees, primeval forest landscapes, and diverse plant and animal life. This 22,200-acre (90 km2) park protects the largest contiguous tract of old-growth bottomland hardwood forest remaining in the United States. The park is an international biosphere reserve. Known for its giant hardwoods and towering pines, the park’s floodplain forest includes one of the highest canopies in the world and some of the tallest trees in the eastern United States. Congaree National Park provides a sanctuary for plants and animals, a research site for scientists, and a place to walk and relax in a tranquil wilderness setting.

Sesquicentennial State Park is a 1,419-acre (6 km2) park, featuring a beautiful 30-acre (120,000 m2) lake surrounded by trails and picnic areas. The park's proximity to downtown Columbia and three major interstate highways attracts both local residents and travelers. Sesquicentennial is often the site of family reunions and group campouts. Interpretive nature programs is a major attraction to the park. The park also contains a two-story log house, dating back to the mid 1700s, which was relocated to the park in 1969. This house is believed to be the oldest building still standing in Richland County. The park was originally built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Evidence of their craftsmanship is still present today.

In November 1996, the River Alliance proposed that a 12-mile (19 km) linear park system be created to link people to their rivers. This was named the Three Rivers Greenway, and the $18 million estimated cost was agreed to by member governments (the cities of Cayce, Columbia, and West Columbia) with the proviso that the Alliance recommend an acceptable funding strategy.

While the funding process was underway, an existing city of Columbia site located on the Congaree River offered an opportunity to be a pilot project for the Three Rivers Greenway. The Alliance was asked to design and permit for construction by a general contractor this component. This approximately one-half mile segment of the system was opened in November 1998. It is complete with 8-foot (2.4 m) wide concrete pathways, vandal-proof lighting, trash receptacles, water fountains, picnic benches, overlooks, bank fishing access, canoe/kayak access, a public restroom and parking. These set the standards for the common elements in the rest of the system. Eventually, pathways will run from Granby to the Riverbanks Zoo. Boaters, sportsmen, fishermen will have access to the area, and additional recreational uses are being planned along the miles of riverfront.

Esplanade at Columbia Canal

Running beside the historic Columbia Canal, Riverfront Park hosts a two and a half mile trail. Spanning the canal is an old railway bridge that now is a pedestrian walkway. The park is popular for walking, running, bicycling, and fishing. Picnic tables and benches dot the walking trail. Markers are located along the trail so that visitors can measure distance. The park is part of the Palmetto Trail, a hiking and biking trail that stretches the entire length of the state, from Greenville to Charleston.

Other parks in the Columbia area include:

and a host of others.

Festivals and annual events

Sports

Club Sport Founded League Venue
Columbia Inferno Ice hockey 2001 ECHL To be determined *
Columbia Blowfish Baseball 2005 Coastal Plain League Capital City Stadium
Columbia Olde Grey Rugby Union 1967 USA Rugby Patton Stadium

* Note concerning the Columbia Inferno: the team voluntarily suspended operations for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons while it continues to try to build a privately financed arena. The team previously played at the Carolina Coliseum.[40]

Columbia will also be home to an arena football team in the next few years. Also, there is a possibility of the Columbia Blowfish becoming a AA Minor League Baseball team. In addition to sports programs at the University of South Carolina, Columbia has also served as the host the women's U.S. Olympic Marathon Trials in 1996 and 2000 [41] and the 2007 Junior Wildwater World Championships which featured many European canoe and kayak racers [42]. The Colonial Life Arena has also hosted NBA exhibition games.[43]

Venues

Colonial Life Arena

Colonial Life Arena, which opened in 2002, is Columbia's premiere arena and entertainment facility. Seating 18,000 for college basketball, it is the largest arena in the state of South Carolina and the tenth largest on-campus basketball facility in the nation, serving as the home of the men's and women's USC Gamecocks basketball teams and the Columbia Stingers arena football team. Located on the University of South Carolina campus, this facility features 41 suites, four entertainment suites, and the Frank McGuire Club, a full-service hospitality room with a capacity of 300. The facility has padded seating, a technologically advanced sound system, and a four-sided video scoreboard[44].

Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center

The Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center, which opened in September 2004 as South Carolina's only downtown convention center[45], is a 142,500-square-foot (13,240 m2), modern, state-of-the-art facility designed to host a variety of meetings and conventions. Located in the historic Congaree Vista district, this facility is close to restaurants, antique and specialty shops, art galleries, and various popular nightlife venues. The main exhibit hall contains almost 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2) of space; the Columbia Ballroom over 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2); and the five meeting rooms ranging in size from 1500 to 4,000 square feet (400 m2) add another 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) of space. The facility is located next to the Colonial Life Arena.

Williams-Brice Stadium is the home of the USC Gamecocks' football team and is one of the largest college football stadiums in the nation[46]. It seats 80,250 persons and is located just south of downtown Columbia. The stadium was built in 1934 with help of federal Works Progress Administration funds and initially seated 17,600. The original name was Carolina Stadium, but on September 9, 1972 it was renamed to honor the Williams and Brice families. Mrs. Martha Williams-Brice had left much of her estate to the University for stadium renovations and expansions. Her late husband, Thomas H. Brice, played football for the University from 1922 to 1924.

The Koger Center for the Arts provides Columbia with theatre, music, and dance performances that range from local acts to global acts[47]. The facility seats 2,256 persons. The center is named for philanthropists Ira and Nancy Koger, who made a substantial donation from personal and corporate funds for construction of the $15 million center. The first performance at the Koger Center was given by the London Philharmonic Orchestra and took place on Saturday, January 14, 1989. The facility is known for hosting diverse events, from the State of the State Address to the South Carolina Body Building Championship and the South Carolina Science Fair.

The Carolina Coliseum facing Assembly St.

The Carolina Coliseum, which opened in 1968, used to be a 12,400-seat facility which initially served as the home of the USC Gamecocks' basketball teams. The arena could be easily adapted to serve other entertainment purposes, including concerts, car shows, circuses, ice shows, and other popular events. The versatility and quality of the Coliseum at one time allowed the University to use the facility for performing arts events such as the Boston Pops, Chicago Symphony, Feld Ballet and other performances by important artists. An acoustical shell and a state-of-the-art lighting system assisted the Coliseum in presenting such activities. The Coliseum was the home of the Columbia Inferno, an ECHL team. However, since the construction of the Colonial Life Arena in 2002, the Coliseum is no longer used for basketball and has been converted into classroom space and now serves as the home to the School of Journalism as well as the School for Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management.

The Township Auditorium seats 3,200 persons and is located in downtown Columbia. The Georgian Revival building was designed by the Columbia architectural firm of Lafaye and Lafaye and constructed in 1930. The Township has hosted thousands of events from concerts to conventions to wrestling matches. The auditorium was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 28, 2005 and has recently undergone a $12 million extensive interior and exterior renovation[48].

The $13 million Charlie W. Johnson Stadium is the home of Benedict College football and soccer. The structure was completed and dedicated in 2006 and seats 11,000 with maximum capacity of 16,000.

Carolina Stadium opened in February 2009. Seating 8,400 permanently for college baseball and an additional 1,000 for standing room only, it is the largest baseball stadium in the state of South Carolina and serves as the home of the USC Gamecocks' baseball team. Located near the Granby Park in downtown Columbia, this facility features four entertainment suites, a picnic terrace down the left field line, and dining deck that will hold approximately 120 fans. The state-of-the-art facility also features a technologically advanced sound system and a 47 feet (14 m) high x 44 feet (13 m) wide scoreboard[49]. The video portion is 16 feet (4.9 m) high x 28 feet (8.5 m) wide.

Accolades

Columbia was recently one of 30 communities named "America's Most Livable Communities." The award was given by the Washington-based non-profit Partners for Livable Communities and honors communities that are developing themselves in the creative economy. Columbia has also been named a top midsized market for relocating families in the nation.[50]

Sister cities

Currently, the city of Columbia has four sister cities:

See also

Columbia, SC sports teams:

  • Columbia Blowfish, a minor league baseball team
  • Columbia Olde Grey, a rugby union club

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  2. ↑ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  3. ↑ http://www.metrojacksoneda.com/demographics/JGA/index.htm
  4. ↑ South Columbia Development Corporation
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "NCDC: U.S. Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/sc/381939.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-15. 
  6. ↑ "Climatological Normals of Columbia". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/columbia_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-14. 
  7. ↑ [1]
  8. ↑ "Institutions." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Broad River Correctional Institution." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Goodman Correctional Institution." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  11. ↑ "Graham (Camille Griffin) Correctional Institution." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. "4450 Broad River Road Columbia, SC 29210-4096"
  12. ↑ "Stevenson Correctional Institution." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  13. ↑ "Campbell Pre-Release Center." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Graham (Camille Griffin) Correctional Institution." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010. "The institution also functions as a major special management unit with the ability to house female death row inmates and county safekeepers."
  15. ↑ "Death Row/Capital Punishment." South Carolina Department of Corrections. Retrieved on August 17, 2010.
  16. ↑ http://chronicle.com/temp/email2.php?id=czpnTTzqqrsrkfq3Ht4cfqHdSZkQynYB
  17. ↑ The Academic Halls of Stupidity: Success Equals Effort by Walter Williams - Capitalism Magazine
  18. ↑ Fortis College - Columbia
  19. ↑ http://www.remingtoncollege.edu/columbia-south-carolina-news
  20. ↑ http://www.scsl.com
  21. ↑ Rail Transit Study
  22. ↑ [2]
  23. ↑ [3]
  24. ↑ [4],
  25. ↑ Columbia Museum of Art
  26. ↑ [5]
  27. ↑ ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN WIDESPREAD IN 2008
  28. ↑ #34 Columbia SC - Forbes.com
  29. ↑ [6]
  30. ↑ [7]
  31. ↑ bizjournals: Rank of medium metros for young adult job seekers
  32. ↑ bizjournals: Which city is the jewel of the Sunbelt? - bizjournals.com
  33. ↑ Small Business Resources for the Entrepreneur from Inc.com
  34. ↑ [8]
  35. ↑ [9]
  36. ↑ [10]
  37. ↑ [11]
  38. ↑ [12]
  39. ↑ [13]
  40. ↑ [14]
  41. ↑ [15]
  42. ↑ [16]
  43. ↑ [17]
  44. ↑ [18]
  45. ↑ [19]
  46. ↑ List of American football stadiums by capacity
  47. ↑ [20]
  48. ↑ [21]
  49. ↑ [22]
  50. ↑ http://www.primacy.com/resources/PRIM-5472.pdf

External links

Municipalities and communities of Lexington County, South Carolina
County seat: Lexington
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County seat: Columbia
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